8/06/2009

Cotton (wata)

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Cotton (wata)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Various, see below.
***** Category: Plant, Humanity


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Explanation

Since the early Edo period, cotton was produced mainly in the Kinnai area 畿内 and Kawachi 河内国 region and many merchants lived in nearby Osaka.
The seeds are sown in May and the picking starts after the O-Bon holidays in August.
The fields were located in the watery rice paddies on elevated earth, called handen 半田(はんでん)」or shimabata「嶋畑(しまばた).


cotton picking in the Edo period

source : 河内木綿の部屋
with more photos from the Cotton Museum of Kawachi !


- quote
Kawachi Province (河内国, Kawachi no kuni) was a province of Japan in the eastern part of modern Osaka Prefecture. It originally held the southwestern area that was split off into Izumi Province. It was also known as Kashū (河州).
Kawachi cotton was popular from the early Edo period until before World War II; it was Kawachi's top industry.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


wata refers to the cotton plant with more than 40 sub-species.
Gossypium spp.

momen, momenwata 木綿(もめん)
is another word for cotton コットン.

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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wata 綿 floss silk
mawata 真綿 - silk floss 繭からつくった綿 -
Seidenwatte, Florettseide

flox-silk, flosh-silk.
also silk batting or wadding

- source : OED -

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The oil from cotton seed is used for cooking.
menjitsuyu 綿実油 cotton seed oil


Some kigo concern its harvesting and production, others things made ouf of cotton.
They come in various seasons.

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kigo for early summer

watanuki 綿抜(わたぬき, 綿抜き)
"take the cotton padding out"

On April first (lunar Calendar), the robes and lined kimono (awase) changed from warm winter to light summer garments.
wata o nuku, this is the original of the family name Watanuki.


mid-summer

shin mawata 新真綿 (しんまわた) new silk floss
mawata tori 真綿取り(まわたとり) picking silk floss
Seidenwatte, Florettseide


. wata maki 棉蒔 (わたまき) sowing of cotton seeds



late summer

CLICK for more photos
wata no hana 棉の花 (わたのはな)
flowers of the cotton plant
. . . 綿の花(わたのはな)



watasuge 綿菅 (わたすげ) "cotton sedge"
Hare's-tail Cottongrass, Tussock Cottongrass,
Sheathed Cottonsedge
Eriophorum vaginatum. Scheiden-Wollgras
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



all summer

chijimi momen 縮木綿(ちぢみもめん)cotton crepe


momengaya 木綿蚊帳(もめんがや)
mosquito net made from cotton thread



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mid-autumn

wata 棉 (わた) cotton (the plant)
wata no momo 棉の桃(わたのもも) "peach of the cotton" the fluffy cotton bolls
momo fuku 桃吹く(ももふく)cotton bolls blowing
..... wata fuku 棉吹く(わたふく)



wata tori 綿取 (わたとり) harvesting cotton
watatsumi 綿摘(わたつみ)picking cotton


CLICK for more photos
watayumi 綿弓(わたゆみ)cotton bow
wata uchi yumi 綿打弓(わたうちゆみ)bow to hit the cotton
To disentangle old cotton padding. Made of bamboo. The bowstring makes a nostalgic low sound, almost like a melody. See the haiku by Basho below.
This old custom of "hitting cotton" is still alive in India and many other countries and I remember this sound very well.


source : edoichiba.jp.menuchi...
menuchi, men uchi shokunin 綿打職人 craftsmen hitting cotton

. Edo craftsmen 江戸の職人 .


CLICK for more photos
wata hosu 綿干す(わたほす)drying cotton
wata kuri 綿繰り(わたくり)turning cotton

wata kai 綿買(わたかい) buyer of cotton, cotton merchant



kigo for late autumn
shin wata 新綿 (しんわた) new cotton
. . . nii-wata 新綿(にいわた)
kotoshi wata 今年綿(ことしわた) cotton of this year




CLICK for original LINK .. evagenji.hp.infoseek.co.jp
kiku no kisewata 菊の着綿 (きくのきせわた)
"chrysanthemum cotton garment"

"Chrysanthemum Covers"
kiku no wata 菊の綿(きくのわた)
. . . kiku no somewata 菊の染綿(きくのそめわた)
On the 8th of September (one day before the nineth Chrysanthemum festival) cotton silk floss covers were placed outside over the chrysanthemums to catch the evening dew. On the morning of the 9th, these garments were used to wrap the body of court ladies, a custom since the Heian Period. This was said to ward off evil and lead to a healthy ripe old age.
After this day, summer cotton garments were put away and the winter garments came into use.

Chrysanthemum (kiku)


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All winter


wata-irebaori 綿入羽織(わたいればおり)
haori half-coat with cotton padding



wata 綿 (わた) cotton (garment)
momenwata 木綿わた(もめんわた), kiwata木綿(きわた)、panya パンヤ、

mawata 真綿(まわた)silk floss
... kinuwata 絹綿(きぬわた)

wata-ire 綿入 (わたいれ) (garment with) cotton padding
kosode 小袖(こそで)、nunoko 布子(ぬのこ)



watago 綿子(わたこ)"cotton child" warm undergarment
oimawata 負真綿 おいまわた "cotton garment to keep the back warm"



CLICK for more photos
watabooshi 綿帽子 (わたぼうし) headdress of floss silk
. . . kazukiwata 被綿(かずきわた)
It used to be a cap to protect a woman from the cold in winter. Usually worn for a wedding now.


MORE
Winter garments to keep you warm !



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New Year

kazashi no wata 插頭綿(かざしのわた)
cotton flowers for a ritual court dance

Tooka no sechi e 踏歌節会 Imperial Court Ceremony


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. Momen Kaido 木綿街道 The Cotton Road  
Hirata-cho, Izumo 出雲市平田町, Shimane prefecture


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Worldwide use

Georgia (USA)
kigo for winter

white christmas
along the road home
drifts of cotton


Judith Gorgone
WKD Facebook, November 2009


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Yemen

Cotton plants blossom in Yemen in the coastal plains; from summer to early autumn.
I thought it's only autumn, using the stored rain water for planting and growing.
The blossoms change their color in two days from white to pink in red/purple.

autumn kigo: cotton harvest, cotton bolls

cotton blossoms -
white when I arrived
red when I left


Heike Gewi
YEMEN SAIJIKI


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Things found on the way


Daruma Wata だるまわた shop sign
Darumax company in Fukuoka prefecture
They make bedding out of cotton.



http://www.darmax.co.jp/
株式会社ダルマックス in Daruma Museum


Otafuku Cotton and a Daruma shop sign
CLICK for original LINK ... photozou.jp
At the train station of Ohi Honsen, Kumamoto
JR豊肥本線(ほうひ ほんせん


Daruma cotton wool ダルマ. 綿しつけ糸



Tenugui 手ぬぐい Small Cotton Towels
With Daruma San as pattern



YUKATA : light summer garment
With Daruma San as pattern


CLICK for more photos
Furoshiki 風呂敷 Cotton Wrapper Cloth


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. kazukewata, kazuke wata 被綿(かずけわた)
"covering cotton" .


During the ceremony
butsumyooe 仏名会 (ぶつみょうえ) Chanting of the Buddhas' Names
The priests clad themselves in white cotton robes to express a pure heart.


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Matsuzaka momen 松坂木綿 cotton from Matsuzaka
(the Ise Shrine was nearby)
Dealers transporting it to Edo made a fortune.

- quote -
Japanese Indigo dyeing "MATSUSAKA MOMEN" 松阪もめん
In the latter half of the fifth century weaving technologies called "AYAHATORI" 漢織 aya-hataori and "KUREHATORI"呉織 kure-hataori were developed in the present day city of Matsusaka. Matsusaka became a very important centre in Japan for fabric production due to the introduction of these new technologies.
In the year 698 textiles produced in Matsusaka were commissioned as regular offerings to the God Amaterasu at Ise Shrine. When Cotton originally from Egypt and India found its way to Japan in the 15th century, it became immediately popular among the public in Japan. It was found that conditions in Matsusaka were very good for production of this new material. This new material and the weaving technologies already in place in Matsusaka led to the birth of "Matsusaka momen" in the early 16th century. The artistic taste of the women producing this new cloth coupled with the skill of Merchants from Matsusaka led to annual sales in stores in Tokyo of 500,000 units equivalent to half of the population of Edo.



The distinctive stripped pattern of Matsusaka momen which also became know as "Matsusaka jima" 松阪縞 found its roots in a cloth called "RYUJOUFU" 柳条布 originally from Vietnam. Ryujoufu as the name literally suggests resembles the strong thin pattern of the veins running through the willow tree leaves.
The thin striped patterns called "SENSUJI" 千筋 and "MANSUJI" 万筋 became the traditional patterns for Matsusaka momen. Even in present day when Kabuki actors wear a stripped kimono they refer to it as wearing a Matsusaka.
Such is the powerful association between Matsusaka momen and the stripe. "IKI" a concept held in great regard by people in Edo was a way of life in which they acted and appeared sophisticated, educated but cool without looking gaudy and outlandish.
Matsusaka momen stripes when viewed from a distance appearing almost invisible but their delicacy and beauty appearing only when view close to, fit in perfectly with the IKI concept. So the people of Edo became to regard Matsusaka momen as a symbol of IKI. The changes in the cloths color due to washing only adding to its IKI value. The manufacturing process of Matsusaka momen is now regarded as a national treasure. Old people often say cotton is something they can’t live without even for one day, it is such a powerful spiritual asset.
- source : marukawashoooten.com -

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. Doing Business in Edo - 江戸の商売 .


source : 1000ya.isis.ne.jp

takani momen uri 高荷木綿売り selling cotton
cotton cloth seller
He had the rolls of cloth piled up high for the customers to see it easily and make their choice. By putting up different patterns every day before walking the streets of Edo, the vendors could choose their customers.

Image by 松野霞城 Kajo Matsuno Kajo
- reference source : tobunken.go.jp/materials -


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wata-ame わたあめ / 綿あめ / 綿飴 cotton candy
Zuckerwatte


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HAIKU


- - - - - Matsuo Basho - - - - -

綿弓や琵琶になぐさむ竹の奥
わたゆみやびわになぐさむたけのおく
wata yumi ya biwa ni nagusamu take no oku
watayumi

this cotton bow -
comforting like a biwa lute
deep in the bamboo (grove)


Matsuo Basho
Tr. Gabi Greve

from Nozarashi kiko (Records of the Weather-Exposed Skeleton)
Katsuragi, Nara 奈良葛城.

One year later, he visited here again for the New Year and wrote
. shoshun mazu sake ni ume uru nioi kana .


MORE - biwa lute hokku by
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


quote
"Entering the country of Yamato, we came to a place called Amid the Bamboo Groves (Take no uchi) at the province of Katsuge. Because this was my company Chiri’s birthplace, we spent several days there resting our feet. There was a house deep amid the bamboo groves.

The sounds of the cotton bow
are comforting like lute
deep in the bamboo groves."


The comparison of the sounds of the cotton bow to music reminds us of the poem on the rice-planting song, in which listening to the song is described as fûryû. Although the poet does not say so explicitly, the theme of this poem is also one of fûryû. The connection between this verse and the fengliu tradition is made more apparent in another piece of short prose that introduces the circumstance of the poem.

"AMID BAMBOO GROVES
When I was staying at a place called Take no uchi—Amid the Bamboo Groves—in Yamato, the village chief often came to see me in the mornings and evenings, I assume to comfort me in the tedium of my travels. This gentleman is truly unusual. His mind wanders freely in the high while his body mingles with such common people as grass mowers, woodcutters, and hunters. Carrying a hoe, he enters the garden of Tao Qian; leading an ox, he identifies himself with the recluse at Mount Ji. He is diligent and tireless at his duties, and he also appears humble, taking pleasure in poverty. This village chief must be the kind of man who seeks retreat amid a city and really attains it.

The sounds of the cotton bow
are comforting like lute
deep in the bamboo groves."


Although the village chief is not a recluse in the strict meaning of the word, this does not stop Bashô from linking him to Tao Qian and other famous Chinese recluses, nor from praising him for the detachment of his mind. Mount Ji, a mountain in modern China’s Henan province, is known as the place where the famous recluses Xu You and Cao Fu lived.

As we have seen, the Zhuangzi describes Xu as a lofty recluse who valued individual freedom more than power and wealth. Without proper knowledge of the spirit of xiaoyaoyou and its embodiment in the Chinese recluse tradition, the meaning of Bashô’s narrative in the account is difficult to understand. However, Bashô and his disciples seem to have seen Daoist ideals and the recluse taste within one aesthetic tradition.

In their vocabulary, “recluse” represents sheer poetic qualities, and to discover these qualities and compose poems on them are acts of fûryû 風流 FURYU. In this meaning, Bashô’s short haibun above is more an assertion of the poetics of fûryû than a depiction of the village chief.

source : Basho-and-the-Dao - Peipei-Qiu


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初霜や菊冷え初むる腰の綿
hatsu shimo ya kiku hie somuru koshi no wata

this first frost
makes the chrysanthemumss freeze -
a cotten wrapper around my hip

Tr. Gabi Greve


Written in late autumn of 1692 元禄5年晩秋
Collection Araoda 荒小田

This hokku has the cut marker YA at the end of line 1, but lines 1 and 2 belong together.

Basho stayed with Boncho and his wife Ukoo 羽紅, who prepared the warm garment for him.
He is making a bit of fun of himself for getting older.

koshiwata 腰綿 a warm cotten wrapper / blanket for the lower parts of the body to keep warm in winter. Well-loved by elderly men in the Edo period.

Sometime a kind of cover was also put over the chrysanthemum flowers (kisewata 着せ綿) to protect them from early frost.


. Nozawa Boncho 野沢凡兆 and Uko 羽紅 .


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名月の花かと見えて綿畠
meigetsu no hana ka to miete watabatake

the full moon
looks almost like a blossom -
this cotton field
Tr. Gabi Greve


looking as though
the harvest moon had blossomed,
cotton field
Tr. Makoto Ueda


in the bright moonlight what appeared
like flowers is a cotton field
source : Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


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河内女の宿に居ぬ日やきじの声
Kawachi-me no yado ni inu hi ya kiji no koe

the Kawachi weaver girls
are not at home -
voice of the pheasants

Tr. Gabi Greve

Kawachime refers to the girls who had to weave cotton, since the Kawachi-plain 河内平野 (now Osaka plain) was famous for cotton plants.


. Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 in Edo .


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綿採りの唄声ありと思ふのみ
watatori no utagoe ari to omou nomi

the song
of the cotton pickers -
this is all there is


Nakamura Teijo 中村汀女
(1900 - 1988)

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新綿や駱駝連ねて運ぶとは
niiwata ya rakuda tsurarete hakobu to wa


Nomura Kishuu 野村喜舟
(1886 - 1983)

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卯の花に布子の膝の光哉
u no hana ni nunoko no hiza no hikari kana

the deuzia blossoms
light up the quilt
on my knees


Kobayashi Issa, 1821


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Related words

***** Cotton fly (watamushi) Japan
Snow fly (yukimushi), snow firefly (yuki hotaru, yukibotaru)


***** Silk (kinu). Many related kigo. and Mulberry (kuwa)


***** watayuki 綿雪(わたゆき) "cotton snow"
kigo for all spring
SNOW (yuki) and related kigo

***** watagoori 綿氷(わたごおり)"cotton ice"
kigo for late winter
ICE (koori) and related kigo



 Autumn and farmers work



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- #watacotton #wata #momen #cotton -
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7/17/2009

Paper mulberry leaf

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Paper mulberry leaf (kaji no ha)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Early autumn
***** Category: Plant


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Explanation


CLICK for more photos

kaji no ha 梶の葉 (かじのは ) paper mulberry leaf

kaji no nanaha 梶の七葉(かじのななは)
"seven lobes of a paper mulberry leaf"

kaji no ha no uta 梶葉の歌(かじのはのうた)
poem on a the paper mullbery leaf

kaji no ha uri 梶葉売(かじのはうり)vendor of paper mulberry leaves

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seven Tanabata princesses 七姫 (ななひめ) nanahime
the seven different names for the Orihime Tanabata princes, Weaver Girl, Vega.

Akisari hime 秋去姫(あきさりひめ) "autumn leaves"
(she has just finished weaving a dress for autumn)
Takimono hime 薫姫(たきものひめ) "incense"
(reminder to an old Chinese legend of Kikoden 乞巧奠)
Sasageni hime ささがに姫(ささがにひめ) "spider"
(she is like a spider weaving her net or weaving her wish into the spider net and hope it will come true)
Momoko hime 百子姫(ももこひめ) "milky way"
(reminder of the pond "Momoko", most probably another name for the milky way)
Ito-ori hime 糸織姫(いとおりひめ) "thread spinning"
(she is weaving robes for the deities)
Asagao hime 朝顔姫(あさがおひめ) "morning glory"
(asagao, another name is "flower of the cowherd" けんぎゅうばな【牽牛花】 , so she is the wife of the cowherd)

kaji no ha hime 梶の葉姫(かじのはひめ)
"princess of the paper mulberry leaf"
.. she writes seven poems on seven leaves and lets them float to her heavenly lover ..

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Broussonetia papyrifera
The Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, syn. Morus papyrifera L.) is a tree in the family Moraceae, native to eastern Asia. Other names include Halibun, Kalivon, Kozo, and Tapacloth tree.

It is a deciduous tree growing to 15 metres tall. The leaves are variable in shape (even on the same branch), unlobed ovate cordate to deeply lobed, with lobed leaves more frequent on fast-growing young plants; they are 7–20 centimetres long, with a rough surface above, fuzzy-downy below and a finely serrated margin. The male (staminate) flowers are produced in an oblong inflorescence, and the female (pistillate) flowers in a globular inflorescence. In summer, the pistillate flower matures into a red to orange, sweet, juicy fruit 3–4 centimetres diameter, which is an important food for wild animals. The fruit is edible and very sweet, but too fragile to be commercialised.

The bark is composed of very strong fibres, and can be used for making high-quality paper.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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kaji no ki カジノキ(梶の木)paper mulberry tree and
its leaves are a popular family crest.



鬼梶の葉  and others
source : www.harimaya.com


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kigo for early autumn

kajimari 梶の鞠(かじのまり)
paper mulberry kickball for the
Tanabata star festival rituals


Asukai no mari 飛鳥井の鞠(あすかいのまり)kickball at Asukai
Asukai is an old noble family which has the kickball game as their family tradtion. Now obligatory at the shrine Shiramine in Kyoto.

Tanabata no mari 七夕の鞠(たなばたのまり)kickball at Tanabata
Tanabata no kemari 七夕の蹴鞠(たなばたのけまり)
koozo no mari 楮の鞠(こうぞのまり)paper mulberry kickball


CLICK for original LINK .. kata2.wablog.com
source : kata2.wablog.com


Kemari is a traditional game in which several players (usually eight priests) form a circle and try to kick a ball back and forth between themselves, without allowing the ball to fall to the ground.
No player is allowed to use their hands. When the players kick the ball, they call to each other in way of encouragement. Special traditional clothing is worn, and there are no winners or losers, and no time limits. Therefore, it is important for the players to kick the ball to each other as accurately as possible. Anyone can really play this game, regardless of sex, skill level or age. It is a game to be played and enjoyed.
This game is thought to have come to Japan from China around 1400 years ago.
source : www.kyopro.kufs.ac.jp


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Worldwide use


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Things found on the way



In astronomy, the Pleiades, or seven sisters, are an open star cluster in the constellation of Taurus. It is among the nearest star clusters to Earth and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky. Pleiades has several meanings in different cultures and traditions.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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HAIKU



source : shoshujinet


梶の葉を朗詠集の栞かな
kaji no ha o Rooeishuu no shiori kana

I use a mulberry leaf
as a bookmark
for the Roeishu collection


Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村


Wakan Rooeishuu 和漢朗詠集 Wakan Roeishu
"Japanese and Chinese Poems to recite"



Wakan rōeishū
Compiled by Fujiwara no Kintō ca. 1013.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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梶の葉の歌をしゃぶりて這ふ子哉
kaji no ha no uta o shaburite hau ko kana

sucking on the
mulberry leaf poem...
the crawling child




子宝が蚯蚓のたるぞ梶の葉に
ko-dakara ga mimizu no taru zo kaji no ha ni

the treasured child's
wormy scribbles...
mulberry leaf


Kobayashi Issa


CLICK for original LINK ... www.yashironomori.jp

This haiku refers to the Tanabata Festival, which takes place on the seventh day of Seventh Month. According to a romantic legend, two celestial lovers--the stars Altair and Vega--are separated by Heaven's River (the Milky Way). One night a year (Tanabata night), they cross the starry river to be together. In honor of the star lovers, a "Star Poem" is written on mulberry leaves.
The child's poor handwriting resembles the squiggles of earthworms.

Robin D. Gill writes,
"The kaji is and is not a mulberry in the same sense a flowering cherry is and is not a prunus, or plum. It is in the mulberry family but not a mulberry per se. This is important because 'mulberry' makes one think of the silk-worms fed on its leaves and hence the weaver, while the kaji is used for writing poems (about the lovers, the weather conditions and the wishes of the poet) because of other associations, namely the shape is said to resemble sculling oars (the upper two parts of the five-part leaf seem like the handle and the bottom three the oar) or, alternatively, the heart, a good shape to write wishes on.
Such explanation may be a folk invention, for the plant is one of a few held to be particularly sacred in Shinto, but there is more: a sculling/steering 'oar' is also kaji, so most old poems, athough using the Chinese character for the plant, use the word to mean 'oar', for the boat used to cross the river for the starry tryst."
source : Tr. David Lanoue


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Tanabata princess -
her poem floats
on a scented leaf


Gabi Greve
(studying for this entry, July 2009)


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Related words

***** Star Festival (Tanabata, Japan)
Milky Way (ama no gawa)

***** First Kick-Ball Game (mari hajime) New Year



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7/03/2009

Camping, Camp

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Camp (kyanpu)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Late summer
***** Category: Humanity


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Explanation

kyanpu キャンプ camp
kyanpu mura キャンプ村(きゃんぷむら)camp village, tent village
kyanpufaia キャンプファイヤー camp fire, campfire
kyanpingu キャンピング camping
kyanpingu toreera キャンピングトレーラー camping trailor
tento 天幕(テント) tent

camping is one of the joys during the summer holidays. You can go to the mountains or the beach, enjoy nature and prepare simple food.


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kigo for all summer

samaa hausu サマーハウス summer house
umi no ie 海の家(うみのいえ)house on the beach
(temporary restaurant)
biichi hausu ビーチハウス beach house

bangaroo バンガロー bungalow

CLICK for more photos

I remember well the "umi no ie" along the beach of Kamakura, where you could take a shower after a swim, enjoy some food in the evening and hang out with your friends. Usually during a strong typhoon much damage was done to the temporary wooden or bamboo buildings.

Gabi Greve


MORE
BEACH ... Kigo for Summer  


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Worldwide use

New England

Camping, Going to camp, Summer Camp
New England Saijiki, USA


North America

. Tipi, teepee, Lakota tent .



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Things found on the way



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HAIKU


キャンピング焼き過ぎ野菜を持て余し
kyanpingu yakisugi yasai o mote-amashi

camping !
we have too many overcooked

vegetables

anonymous
Tr. Gabi Greve
http://gendaihaiku.gr.jp/haikukai/result/88_touku.htm


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summer camp
chaos organized in a
child's backpack


Dr. Angelee Deodhar
Simply Haiku, December 2003
http://www.simplyhaiku.com/SHv1n6/Angelee_Deodhar_haiku.html



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Related words

bare feet
beachcomber
biking
boating
camping
fan, ceiling fan
forest fires
hiking
picnic
pool
sandals
straw hat
sun bathing
sunburn
surfers
sweat
summer illness
summer lovemaking
swimming
vacation
wicker chairs

from WKD : North American Kiyose

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.SAIJIKI ... HUMANITY
Kigo for Summer
 

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6/21/2009

Laquer tree

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Laquer tree (urushi no ki)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Various, see below
***** Category: Plant


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Explanation

In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured varnish that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard, durable finish, in any sheen level from ultra matte to high gloss and that can be further polished as required.

True lacquerwork is Chinese or Japanese in origin. Varnish resin derived from a tree indigenous to China, species Toxicodendron vernicifluum (formerly Rhus vernicifluum, Rhus verniciflua), commonly known as the varnish tree. These lacquers produce very hard, durable finishes that are both beautiful and very resistant to damage by water, acid, alkali or abrasion.

The contemporary theory held that from China, knowledge of lacquer technology was introduced to Korea, and from there to Japan. It was believed that Japan had also been using lacquer from ancient times, but the systematic process of application was developed by the Chinese. With the discovery of lacquer ware in Japan dating back to Jōmon period, conflicting theories claim that technology may have been independently developed in Japan. Trade of lacquer objects traveled through various routes to the Middle East. Known applications of lacquer in China included coffins, plates, music instruments and furniture. Lacquer mixed with powdered cinnabar is used to produce the traditional red lacquerware from China.

The trees must be at least 10 years old before cutting to bleed the resin. The sap is poisonous and causes extreme rashes.
The trees grow up to 20 m tall with large leaves, each containing from 7 to 19 leaflets (most often 11-13). The sap contains the allergenic compound urushiol, which gets its name from this species' Japanese name urushi (漆).

Urushi is a very strong adhesive.
The leaves, seeds, and the resin of the Lacquer Tree are sometimes used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of internal parasites and for stopping bleeding. Compounds butein and sulfuretin have antioxidative, and aldose reductase and advanced glycation endproducts inhibitory effects.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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kigo for late spring

no urushi 野漆 (のうるし) "wild laquer"
Euphorbia adenochlora Morr. et Decne


sawaurushi, sawa urushi 沢漆(さわうるし)Sun Spurge
lit. "swamp laquer"

Euphorbia helioscopia
toodaigusa 燈台草 (とうだいぐさ)
suzuburibana 鈴振花(すずふりばな)"flower with swinging bells"

Euphorbia helioscopia is a species of spurge native to most of Europe, northern Africa, and eastward through most of Asia.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

CLICK for more photos
These plants are NOT related to the laquer tree, despite their Japanese name.


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kigo for mid-summer

CLICK for more photos
urushikaki 漆掻 (うるしかき)
urushi-liquid collectors. lacquer-tappers, laquer sap collectors

urushi kaku 漆掻く(うるしかく)
scratching the laquer tree
"bleeding the laquer tree"
"slashing the laquer tree" to collect the sap

This is a job of specialists, making insertions in the tree bark and scratching the liquor bit by bit, over many weeks in summer. They used to make good money in olden times, but now with chemicals, are almost out of their jobs. Some rural communities are trying to revive the laquer tree plantations and the use of "true" Japanese laquer for art.

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kigo for autumn

urushi momiji 漆紅葉 (うるしもみじ)
red leaves of the laquer tree




They are especially splendid.




kigo for late autumn

urushi no mi 漆の実 (うるしのみ ) fruit of the laquer tree

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Daruma made from Laquer Ware
My PHOTOS


General Reference


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Worldwide use


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Things found on the way


In my story about Kamakura-bori, Laquer from Kamakura, I introduced the main techniques and some Daruma figures. Read the full story here:
Kamakurabori - Daruma and Laquerware

In the story about Wakasa Laquer, more Daruma figures are introduced.
Wakasa Daruma ― Daruma of Laquer and Agate Stone

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. Hita urushi日田漆 laquerware from Hita .
Oita, Kyushu


相澤漆器 Aizawa laquer shop - Daruma

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coffee made from the beans of the laquer tree
うるしコーヒー urushi koohii, "laquer coffee"
漆の実のコーヒー urushi no mi koohii
The fruit of the tree has a lot of wax particles, which can be extracted and make candles too. After extracting the wax, the beans are dried and then used for drip coffee.
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

WASHOKU
DRINKS SAIJIKI



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HAIKU


  暗闇で昼飯を喰ふ漆かき
kurayami de hirumeshi o kuu urushi-kaki

in the darkness
they eat their lunch -
laquer sap collectors


anonymous
http://geocities.yahoo.co.jp/dr/view?member=sjshlret


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6/01/2009

Fountain (funsui)

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Fountain (funsui)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: All summer in Japan
***** Category: Humanity


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Explanation

funsui 噴水 (ふんすい) fountain, Springbrunnen
fukiage 吹上げ(ふきあげ) "sprouting water, spraying water"
fukimizu ふきみず
funsen 噴泉(ふんせん)

CLICK for more photos

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mizu karakuri 水機関 (みずからくり) "mechanic water devices"
..... 水からくり / 水絡繰り
Using the water pressure from a higher to a lover device, waterwheels were moved, or little dolls activated to drum or move otherwise in small modles to be used at home or in a restaurant to entertain visitors and make them feel cool in summer during the Edo period.


さびしさや水機関の水の音
sabishisa ya mizukarakuri no mizu no oto

how lonely . . .
the sound of water
from the mechanic device


Oba Hakusuiro (Ooba Hakusuiroo) 大場白水郎
(1890 - 1962)


. karakuri ningyo からくり人形 mechanic dolls  


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One of the great human devices to bring some cool to a garden or a park. Its sparkling pillars give us a feeeling of cool. The fountains of Versailles and other European parks come to mind.
A great place to meet a friend and spend a cool evening.

Best used for fountains where the water is really pumped high up into the air.


CLICK For  more FOUNTAIN photos


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Worldwide use

Belgium

In Brussels, the fountains are definitely kigo. They work all summer, mostly just during the daytime, and are generally enjoyed, with park benches around, where people relax and unwind. Some are so big that dogs go there to swim, children play, and one year, we even had a duck hatching out her young and taking them for swims (until one day they were eaten by a dog...).

Stopping the fountain, or leaves in the fountain,
could be a kigo for autumn.
Empty fountain could be a kigo for winter.
Cleaning the fountain could be a kigo for spring.

Isabelle Prondzynski, June 2009
Kigo Hotline


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Canada

Wading Pool, Spray Park

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Kenya

In Nairobi, fountains are many, and they work well.
There is no particular seasonal element to them though.
topic for haiku

Isabelle Prondzynski


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Things found on the way



Moon Watching Fountain
Ginkaku-Ji, Kyoto, Silver Pavillion


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HAIKU


Reference : Haiku Fountain

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CLICK for more photos

陽をうけて噴水の飛沫虹になる  
hi o ukete funsui no shibuki niji ni naru

in the sunshine
the spray of the fountain
becomes a rainbow

Suiren 水蓮
source : www.hb-arts.co.jp


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what is it that makes
the night time fountain so still?
city noise goes on

empty fountain
refilling with slush --
first birdsong

sitting in silence
by the trickling fountain --
the latest ringtone

summer's end --
a build-up of beer bottles
in the fountain

early spring --
new rubbish gathers
in the fountain


Isabelle Prondzynski, Brussels, Belgium
Kigo Hotline


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by Narayanan Raghunathan, India

twilight sun glows
on the cool fountain ~
a fragrant breeze


Trevi Fountain ~
dimes and pennies shine
in the ancient waters


sculptures washed
in sunlight-waters' sound ~
Trevi Fountain


old woman throwing
a coin into the Trevi Fountain ~
laughing husband


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevi_Fountain
http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/trevi.htm
http://trevifountain.net/index.html




spectral fountains
beneath a starry sky ~
Brindavan gardens


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindavan_Gardens
http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/brindavan.htm
http://www.mysore.nic.in/tourism_brindavan_garden.htm


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噴水のリズム覚えて待ち惚け
funsui no rizumu oboete machibooke

remembering
a fountain’s rhythm
I wait in vain

Tr. Fay Aoyagi

Yamada Kano 山田佳乃, 2012


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Related words

***** Well, cleaning the well (ido zarai) Japan. Brunnen

 

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5/25/2009

Cool, cold, chilly

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Cool, cold, chilly

***** Location: Worldwide
***** Season: Various, see below
***** Category: Heavens / Season


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Explanation

How we react to temperature is a personal feeling, also a seasonal feeling.
We can feel "nice and cool" in summer, or rather "pretty cool" on an autumn evening.

In the Japanese saijiki, we have many different words that clearly identify the season for a cold morning etc., but much is lost in the translation into another language, unless we add
"cold .. spring/summer/autumn/winter .. morning".

The English cold/chill/chilly are also often used like that and thus difficult to allocate with a proper season. So it seems better to add .. spring/summer/autumn/winter ...


We also have the English use of cold outside the weather and temperature, like
a cold smile, a cold person, a cold look ...
where the COLD is not a season word, but just a topic for haiku.
"COOL"
used in connection with other nouns like this is also not a kigo but a topic for haiku.
He is a cool person.


I will try and list the relevant kigo during the seasons here.

Please let me know any more confusing words and possible translations of these kigo.

Gabi Greve


04 branch in clouds
My Garden in autumn


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SPRING

early spring

cold in spring, haru samu 春寒 はるさむ and related kigo
..... haru samushi 春寒し(はるさむし) spring is cold
..... samuki haru 寒き春(さむきはる) cold spring

still feeling cold (in spring), remaining cold (in spring),
yokan 余寒 (よかん)
lingering cold (in spring), nokoru samusa 残る寒さ(のこるさむさ)

..... kan modori 寒もどり(かんもどり)
cold (winter) season coming back, winter cold coming back
the cold returns

. Cold coming back - March 2005 .


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SUMMER


Coolness in summer(suzushi) and related kigo
I feel cool (in summer). This is a pleasant feeling, especially in the evening after a hot day.
coolness in the (summer) morning, (summer) morning cool,
asasuzu 朝涼
cool (summer) evening, yoisuzushi 宵すずし
cool at day's end (in summer), banryoo, banryō 晩涼
evening cool (in summer), yuusuzu, yūsuzu 夕涼
night cool (in summer), cool of the (summer) night,
..... yaryoo 夜涼, ryooya 涼夜

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Some food that is enjoyed cold in summer

Hiyashi uri 冷し瓜 (ひやしうり) cooled gourd
cooled watermelon, hiyashi suika 冷し西瓜(ひやしすいか)

Hiyajiru 冷汁 (ひやじる) cold soup
cooled soup, nizamashi 煮冷し(にざまし)

Hiyamugi 冷麦 (ひやむぎ) Wheat noodles chilled

Hiya soomen 冷索麺 (ひやそうめん)
cold thin somen noodles

Hiya Yakko, hiyayakko 冷奴 (ひややっこ) cold tofu

hiyashijiruko 冷し汁粉(ひやししるこ)cold beans in sweet sauce

The details about food are here
WASHOKU : SUMMER FOOD


. . . . . WASHOKU : Cold SUMMER DRINKS


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AUTUMN

cold (autumn) morning
samuki asa 寒き朝, asazamu 朝寒

cold (autumn) evening寒き夜
..... samuki yoru, 夜寒yosamu

These are expressions used for this feeling in autumn, when we feel the change of the seasons coming.


Cold in autumn, aki samu 秋寒 (あきさむ) and related kigo
..... aki samushi 秋寒し(あきさむし) cold in autumn
"the skin feels cold (in autumn)", hada samu 肌寒 (はださむ)
cold (autumn) morning, asa samum asasamu 朝寒 (あささむ)
asa samushi 朝寒し(あささむし), asa samumi 朝寒み(あささむみ)
cold (autumn) night, yo samu 夜寒 (よさむ )
..... yo samusa 夜寒さ(よさむさ), yo o samumi 夜を寒み(よをさむみ)



autumn chill, shuurei 秋冷)しゅうれい) and related CHILL kigo during all seasons
evening chill (in autumn), cold in the evening (in autumn),
yoi samu 宵寒 (よいさむ)
night chill (in autumn), cold at night (in autumn),
..... yosamu 夜寒 (よさむ)



sooryoo 爽涼 fresh and cool in autumn
(autumn) cool . (hiyayaka, hiyu, yubie)


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kigo for early autumn/ category SEASON


ryoogetsu 涼月(りょうげつ)cool month


shuuryoo 秋涼(しゅうりょう)coolness in autumn
shinryoo 新涼 (しんりょう) first coolness (in autumn)
aki suzushi 秋涼し(あきすずし)cool autumn
hajimete suzushi 初めて涼し(はじめてすずし)
..... shoryoo 初涼(しょりょう) first coolness (in autumn)
..... ryoo arata 涼新た(りょうあらた)
..... arata ni suzushi 新たに涼し(あらたにすずし)
hayaku mo suzushi 早くも涼し(はやくもすずし)
sooryoo 早涼(そうりょう)


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WINTER

kan ... cold in winter and related kigo
..... cold (in winter), kan 寒(かん), kanchuu 寒中(かんちゅう)
feeling cold (in winter), samushi 寒し (さむし) I feel cold 'in winter).
..... samusa, 寒さ coldness (in winter)
cold winter evening, kanbo 寒暮(かんぼ)
cold winter night, kanya 寒夜(かんや)
cold winter morning, kangyoo 寒暁(かんぎょう)


Cold Moon (kan no tsuki) 寒の月. . . The MOON and its kigo


Winter drizzle (shigure) 時雨  rain mixed with snow, cold rain, snowy drizzle, sleet
rain in the cold , kan no ame 寒の雨 (かんのあめ)
. . . RAIN and its kigo


"cold clouds", kanun, kan-un 寒雲(かんうん)
"freezing clouds", itegumo 凍雲(いてぐも)
. . . CLOUDS and their kigo


butterfly in the cold, freezing butterfly (itechoo) 凍蝶
. . . Winter butterfly, freezing butterfly (fuyu no choo)


Camellia in the cold (kantsubaki) 寒椿
. . . CAMELLIA and its kigo


There are many more Japanese kigo compounds with
KAN 寒 ... in the cold


07 a new dawn in snow
GokuRakuAn in Winter



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Worldwide use


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Things found on the way



cold feeling (toward people, things etc.)
tsumetashi 冷し (つめたし)
food gets cold, hiyu 冷ゆ (ひゆ)

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And a bonus for you to cool down!



Ice cream ... kigo for all summer
Click on the photo for more.


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HAIKU


. WKD : Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 in Edo .

朝寒のうちに参るや善光寺
asa-samu no uchi ni mairu ya zenkouji

making a pilgrimage
in early morning cold --
Zenkoji Temple

Tr. Chris Drake

This autumn hokku was written early in the 8th month (September) in 1822, when Issa was living in his hometown.
"Morning cold" refers to the first real sign of autumn cold after the lingering heat and humidity of early lunar autumn. In the middle of September in Shinano the dawns and early mornings already feel slightly cold, though they still feel only cool in Edo and other lowland areas, where "morning cold" is used a little later in autumn. The slight yet clearly perceptible cold in this hokku is usually felt when people wake up in the morning. It is not frigid but rather delicate -- just enough coldness to give people a fresh, bracing feeling of aliveness and a sense that autumn is truly here.

Basically this temporary coldness is caused by contrast: it's the comparatively large drop in temperature during the night that gives people the feeling of being cold the next morning rather than any actual very low temperatures. A couple of hours after dawn this feeling of being cold will be gone, and by noon the day will be warm or perhaps even hot.

Chris Drake

. WKD : Temple Zenko-Ji 善光寺 .

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寒けれど酒もあり温泉もある処
samukeredo sake mo ari onsen mo aru tokoro

It is cold, but
we have sake
and the hot spring


Masaoka Shiki - winter haiku



the famous hot spring Dogoo Onsen in Matsuyama 道後温泉

it is cold
but here is a place with sake
a place with a hot spring

Tr. Gabi Greve



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Cool can be nonseasonal term too, like here:

first night
after the divorce...
cool moon


Vasile Moldovan
May 26, 2009



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Related words

***** WKD ... ABC Reference

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5/23/2009

Virga precipitation

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Virga

***** Location: Southern United States
***** Season: Summer
***** Category: Heaven


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Explanation

In meteorology, virga is an observable streak or shaft of precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates before reaching the ground.
At high altitudes the precipitation falls mainly as ice crystals before melting and finally evaporating; this is usually due to compressional heating, because the air pressure increases closer to the ground. It is very common in the desert and in temperate climates.
It is also common in the Southern United States during summer.

CLICK for more photos Virga can cause very interesting weather effects, because as rain is changed from liquid to vapor form, it removes heat from the air due to the high heat of vaporization of water. In some instances, these pockets of colder air can descend rapidly, creating a dry microburst which can be extremely hazardous to aviation. Conversely, precipitation evaporating at high altitude can compressionally heat as it falls, and result in a gusty downburst which may substantially and rapidly warm the surface temperature. This fairly rare phenomenon, a heat burst, also tends to be of exceedingly dry air.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !



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Worldwide use

Japan

hiryuu un 尾流雲 "clouds with a tail"
not listed as kigo

Cloud, clouds(kumo) Japan, worldwide. Various Kigo.


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Things found on the way



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HAIKU


early evening-
distant mountains disappear
in the virga


Mark Snyder
. . . WKD ... Facebook Group May 2009

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Related words

***** Cloud, clouds(kumo) Japan, worldwide. Various Kigo.

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5/11/2009

Hawthorn blossoms

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Hawthorn blossoms (sanzashi no hana)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Late Spring
***** Category: Plant


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Explanation

hawthorn blossoms 山楂子の花 (さんざしのはな)
sanzashi no hana

meifurawaa メイフラワー may flower, mayflower

CLICK for more Pyracantha angustifolia

A tree that gets about 2 meters high. In late april toward may, it has white flowers with five petals in bunches of five or six. They are similar to plum blossoms. It used to be part of the Chinese medical plants, but now it is only planted for its blossoms.
Its western cousin, the mayflower, has also red blossoms.

The flower word for this is HOPE.

Its fruit are dried and eaten or made to juice.

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Hawthorn (Crataegus)
is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Culinary use
The fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese Hawthorn) are tart, bright red, and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including haw flakes and tanghulu (糖葫芦). The fruits, which are called shānzhā (山楂) in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other drinks.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Worldwide use

England

seiyoo sanzashi セイヨウサンザシ Western hawthorn
It has small red flowers in May.
When you take a branch to a home, a person will become sick in that home, says English legend.

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Germany

Weißdorn

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Things found on the way



The Hawthorn is said to be the 'thornbushes' in this scriptural verse:

And on that day, the Lord shall whistle for the fly that is in the farthest stream of Egypt, and for the bee in the land of Assyria. And they shall come and settle in the steep ravines and in the rocky clefts, on all thornbushes, and in all pastures.
(Isaiah 7:18-19)


- Shared by Elaine Andre -
Joys of Japan, 2012


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Jodie Hawthorne haiku collection
Australia
Reference

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firethorn 常盤山査子 tokiwa-sanzashi
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CLICK for original and more photos
Pyracanthus angustifolia Schneid
Pyracantha angustifolia
木下杢太郎画「新編百花譜百選」より

pirakansaa ピラカンサ pyracanthus


quote
Firethorn (Pyracantha) is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Maloideae. They are native from southeast Europe east to southeast Asia, and are closely related to Cotoneaster, but have serrated leaf margins and numerous thorns (Cotoneaster is thornless).

The plants reach up to 6 m tall. The seven species have white flowers and either red, orange, or yellow berries (more correctly pomes). The flowers are produced during late spring and early summer; the pomes develop from late summer, and mature in late autumn.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !



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HAIKU


花山楂子古妻ながら夢はあり 
ka sanzashi furume nagara yume wa ari   

hawthorn blossoms -
although being an old wife
I still have dreams  
 

Ishida Akiko 石田あき子
Tr. Gabi Greve


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思ひ凝らせば山楂子の日の戻りくる   
omoi koraseba sanzashi no hi no modori-kuru
  
手塚美佐

source : www.ami-yacon.jp

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scattering mayflowers
a startle
of dove wings


- Shared by Sandi Pray -
Joys of Japan, 2012


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Related words

***** hawthorn berries
kigo for autumn

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HAIKU with hawthorn berries

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