Humanity and Observances

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Humanity and Observances

We have two very important categories in a Japanese saijiki that relate to the human being and its activites during the seasons:

seikatsu 生活　Humanity, daily life, livelihood
gyooji 行事　Observances, seasonal events

I would like to call these the
social season words.


seikatsu haiku 生活俳句 haiku about life

haiku seikatsu 俳句生活 my haiku life



Here are some thoughts about these categories.

To simply define
haiku as "short poems about nature"
and
senryu as "short poems about humanity"

seems a great simplification and certainly does not seem fit for the Japanese tradition.
That does not mean there are some exceptions, but here I want to talk about the general way a traditional Japanese haiku is perceived.

The saijiki categories of HUMANITY and OBSERVANCES explicitly show us that these things are part of the Japanese haiku tradition and should be respected and understood as such.

Many of the kigo related to them are deeply rooted in the daily life within the Japanese culture and are difficult to translate without a longish explanation, so not many have been listed in English saijiki yet.

I will try and fill this gap, given time ...


But these kigo can give you an example of how to incorporate the events of YOUR daily life outside of Japan in your haiku life and find the many kigo in your area related to food and clothing, festivals and celebrations.
Please share them with us at the World Kigo Database!

Gabi Greve

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日本大歳時記
Nihon Dai Saijiki
ISBN 4-06-128646-3 and 978-406-1289666


Humanity KIGO during the seasons

Click on each season to go to the
detailed LIST of the kigo.


. . . SPRING . . .


. . . SUMMER . . .


. . . AUTUMN . . .


. . . WINTER . . .


. . . NEW YEAR . . .


This covers more than 3000 kigo for humanity.



. . . WASHOKU : FOOD throughout the seasons
a SAIJIKI of its own


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Observances, festivals, rituals
KIGO during the seasons


. . . Observances, seasonal events, rituals . . .
throughout the seasons, Buddhist, Shinto and others
a SAIJIKI of its own

Memorial Days of Famous People, Celebrities
.....WORLDWIDE SAIJIKI


That covers more than 3000 kigo for observances.


I hope you see now the importance of the kigo in the categories of humanity and observances.


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Join with your own cultural keywords!

. Haiku - Culture Magazine - .



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Related words

Senryu and Haiku ー　川柳と俳句


***** WKD : Haiku seasons and categories

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Berry, berries

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Berry, berries

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Various, see below
***** Category: Plant

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Explanation

There are many berries available in various seasons.
Some are edible, some are not.

There are also English names of plants and shrubs that include the BERRY part.
The Japanese name can be tricky, mostly MI 実 is used.
xx の実　is also used for fruit, nuts and others.

berii ベリー berry
chiisa na kajitsu 小さな果実 "small fruit"

MI in compound words
液果, 漿果(しょうか)

I will try and list the BERRY KIGO here.

We have to distinguish between the blossoms of these berries and the fruit, which can be in different seasons.

Gabi Greve

under construction


pregnant sea animals are also sometimes called "in berry"
like fish, shrimp, crabs.

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SPRING


ichigo no hana 苺の花 (いちごのはな) strawberry blossoms
kigo for late spring
..... hana ichigo 花苺（はないちご）
kusaichigo no hana 草苺の花（くさいちごのはな）
nawashiro ichigo no hana 苗代苺の花（なわしろいちごのはな）
hebi-ichigo no hana 蛇苺の花（へびいちごのはな）
blossoms of Indian strawberry



kiichigo no hana, ki-ichigo no hana 木苺の花 (きいちごのはな)
raspberry blossoms, Himbeerblüten
kigo for late spring
momiji ichigo もみじ苺（もみじいちご）
sagari ichigo下り苺（さがりいちご）
awa ichigo 粟苺（あわいちご）


kuko クコ 枸杞 Wolfsberry
Lycium rhombifolium
kigo for mid-spring


kuwa 桑 (くわ）mulberry tree
late spring
kuwa no me 桑の芽（くわのめ）
kuwa no hana 桑の花（くわのはな）
kuwabatake 桑畑（くわばたけ） mulberry field
Kigo related to silk and mulberries

..... koozo no hana 楮の花 (こうぞのはな)
paper mulberry blossoms
..... kazo no hana かぞの花（かぞのはな)
..... kazu nohana かずの花（かずのはな）
..... kozo no ki no hana こぞの木の花（こぞのきのはな）
kami no ki no hana かみの木の花（かみのきのはな）
Broussonetia papyrifera




niwatoko no hana 接骨木の花 (にわとこのはな)
elderberry blossoms
..... tazu no hana たずの花（たずのはな）
..... miyatsukogi みやつこぎ
Sambucus sieboldiana. Holunder



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SUMMER

berries, many kinds of wild berries

bayberry 楊桃 (やまもも yamamomo)
yamaume やまうめ、momokawa ももかわ
yoobai 楊梅（ようばい）、jubai 樹梅（じゅばい）
yamamomobune 楊桃船（やまももぶね）
yamamomo, yama momo 山桃（やまもも）"mountain peach"
kigo for mid-summer
Myrica rubra - ヤマモモ




blackberries, blackberry
kigo for early summer
(according to Higginson, Haiku World)
Others list the blackberries as autumn in Europe



Blackberries, blackberry, Brombeeren
summer in Germany
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
They are not native to Japan.


season's change
blackberries will soon
be ready

Robert Hunt
Happy Haiku Forum
with photo


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Brambles are thorny plants of the genus Rubus, in the rose family (Rosaceae). Bramble fruit is the fruit of any such plant, including the blackberry and raspberry.
The word comes from Germanic bram-bezi, whence also German Brombeere and French framboise. In popular UK usage the term primarily refers to the blackberry bush; in Scotland and the north of England it refers to both the blackberry bush and its fruits.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


brambles in the Japanese dictionary gives two words

ki-ichigo (Rubus), see above and
kuro-ichigo.

kuro ichigo, kuroichigo 黒苺 "black strawberries"
Rubus mesogaeus
kuroichigo are not listed in the Japanese saijiki.
They are most probably blackberries.

yuki teikei lists bramble as a spring kigo.


IRELAND
We must distinguish between the plant (the bramble) and its fruit (the blackberry).
I would suggest that the bramble comes earlier in the year (summer, the time when it grows most vigorously), with the blackberry later (autumn, when we go to search for the berries in the forests, and the brambles are less important to us).

Isabelle Prondzynski


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Blueberries , blueberry
late summer across the USA.
http://www.ehow.com/about_4574395_blueberrypicking-season.html



Gooseberry, gooseberries Europe
suguri no mi すぐりの実 (すぐりのみ)



Huckleberries, Hucklberries
kigo for all summer
Northwestern Parts of North America
They are wild and highly prized both by humans and bears.
Read : Huckleberries



kiichigo, ki-ichigo 木苺 (きいちご)
raspberry, raspberries, Himbeeren
food kigo for early summer



koori ichigo 氷いちご（こおりいちご) strawberries on ice
food kigo for all summer



. kuwa no mi 桑の実 (くわのみ) mulberries
..... kuwa ichigo 桑苺 (くわいちご) mulberry,
" mulberry tree strawberry"
kigo for mid-summer



Oregon Grape
berries in Summer
State flower of Oregon, but bush is seen all along the Northwest Coast California to British Columbia.It is Oregon's State Flower
see : http://www.jacksirulnikoff.com



Raspberries
summer fruit
http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/aboutind/products/plant/raspberry.htm


Redcurrant, rote Johannisbeeren Europe


Salmonberry
Rubus spectabilis
North America, Alaska
Salmon Berry
The bloom is one of the first berry blossoms in the spring.
The fruit is enjoyed by the bears and people.

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kigo for early summer
silverberry, goumi 茱萸（ぐみ） gumi
nawashiro gumi 苗代茱萸 (なわしろぐみ) gumi seedlings
harugumi 春茱萸（はるぐみ） "spring gumi"
kigo for late summer
natsugumi 夏茱萸 (なつぐみ) "summer gumi
..... tawaragumi 俵茱萸（たわらぐみ）
Elaeagnus pungens

akigumi 秋茱萸 (あきぐみ) goumi in autumn
shimogumi 霜茱萸（しもぐみ）goumi in frost
gumizake 茱萸酒（ぐみざけ）alcoholic drink from goumi
Elaeagnus. Ölweidenbeere

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Strawberry, ichigo イチゴ、苺 strawberries Japan, Europa, North America


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AUTUMN


. konomi, ko no mi 木の実 (このみ)
"fruit from the tree", berry, nut, seed, acorn ... 　
a KIGO list
donguri 団栗 (どんぐり) acorn (from an oak tree)



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blueberry, blueberries
Europa



elderberry, elderberries
Europe
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



grapes, budoo, budō　葡萄 and many related kigo
wild grapes, mountain grapes, yamabudoo　山葡萄
Grape harvest (Weinlese, Traubenlese, Vendanges)
Wine pressing, Stoarcerea strugurilor (Romania)




Mistletoe berries from the desert
Sonora, North America



mountain ash (nanakamado ななかまど)
..... nanakamado 七竈（ななかまど）、野槐（ななかまど）
nanakamado no mi ななかまどの実（ななかまどのみ）
kigo for late autumn
Sorbus commixta
The fruit are bright red berries.
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
Eberesche



. Rose hip, rosehip, Hagebutte 　　



Tonburi とんぶり "mountain caviar"
Akita, Japan


. wolfberry 枸杞の実 (くこのみ) kuko no mi, kuko shi 　


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WINTER

aoki no mi 青木の実 (あおきのみ) laurel berries
kigo for all winter
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



Cranberry, cranberries
Europe



fuyu sango 冬珊瑚 (ふゆさんご ) "winter corals"
tama sango 玉珊瑚（たまさんご）
Solanum pseudo-capsicum
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


. . . . .


fuyu ichigo 冬苺 (ふゆいちご) winter strawberries
fuyu no ichigo 冬の苺 (ふゆのいちご)
kan ichigo, kanichigo 寒苺（かんいちご）strawberries in the cold
..... kin ichigo, kinichigo きんいちご

ishigaki ichigo 石垣苺（いしがきいちご）
strawberries grown on stone walls

. . . . .


nanten no mi 南天の実 (なんてんのみ) berries of the nandina
kigo for all winter
shiro nanten 白南天（しろなんてん）white nandina
mi nanten 実南天（みなんてん）nandina with berries
Nandina Berries: kigo for all winter
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



nezumimochi no mi 女貞の実 (ねずみもちのみ)
berries of the privet
kigo for all winter
Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Japanese privet
nezumi no fun ねずみのふん
nezumi no komakura ねずみのこまくら
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



ryuu no tama 龍の玉 (りゅうのたま) "pearl of the dragon"
dragon berry
Japanese snake's beard plant, Ophiopogon japonicus
kigo for all winter
龍の髯の実（りゅうのひげのみ）berries of the dragon beard
蛇の髯の実（じゃのひげのみ） berries of the snake beard
They are shining blue-violet berries .
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


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kigo for early winter

briar berry, briar berries




briar berry --
an animal sound comes
from the brambles

2006 知美
"chibi" (pen-name for Dennis M. Holmes)

These berries may be a food source for animals, but, they may be toxic too. They are about the size of a large peppercorn.


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Topics (until we find the season)

Nordic cloudberries


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Worldwide use

Thanks to Carole Macrury for information about North America.
The berries is in the above list.

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India


. Alma, amalika - Indian gooseberry .
Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis)


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Kenya

In Kenya, there are hardly any berries at all. Some strawberries, expensive and tasteless, are really produced only for the wealthy foreigners (hence, no kigo). The Kenyan climate is not at all suitable for them. The only berry that grows quite well in Kenya is the mulberry -- but again, it is not widely grown or available and would not be a kigo, for the time being at least.

Isabelle Prondzynski


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Yemen

coffee beans
called coffee berries as long as they are at the branch of shrubs.
kigo for autumn, when the most important harvest takes place
goats like the red berries
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

harvest moon -
red berries
in a goat's gut



Badian berries .. Badian Star Anise
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
Sternanis


Juniper berries
kigo for summer
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
Wacholder

Western Highlands of Yemen:
The highlands receive variable rainfall caused by the southwestern monsoon, which brings damp oceanic winds. These winds are uplifted by the mountains and trigger thunderstorms, particularly during the summer, with most rain falling in April/May and July/August.

The montane juniper woodlands are vital habitat for birds, such as the Yemen linet (Carduelis yemenensis), Yemen thrush (Turdus menachensis), Palm Dove (Streptopelia senegalensi) and Yemen warbler (Parisoma buryi). These species are dependent on juniper berries as a food source and also use the juniper trees for nesting. Nesting and breeding time must be July/August;
so juniper berries a summer kigo and bird food.

the palm dove's
carrying a twig...
light drizzle


calling frequently...
juniper berries
picked by thrushes

Heike Gewi

. YEMEN SAIJIKI


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Things found on the way

Legend from Yamanashi, 北都留郡 Kitatsuru district

hime konjin sama no tatari ヒメコンジン様の祟り the curse of Hime Konjin Sama
In every house there are for Konjin Sama deities to protect the premises.
One of them is the female "Princess Konjin Sama".
If people do not treat her spot nicely, someone will get ill. They must keep the area around the outside toilet clean and not cut branches from the Silverberry (グミの木 gumi, Elaeagnus pungens), otherwise their lower back will start aching the same day due to the influnce of Rokusan.
If someone gets ill in this way, he has to seek help from a person performing rituals for Hime Kojin Sama and Rokusan or learn a special spell to repeat secretly to himself.

. Rokusan　六三 伝説　legends about Rokusan,
Deity of Illness .


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HAIKU


black elderberries ...
the stove fitter cuts
chamotte bricks

- Shared　by Ramona Linke -
Joys of Japan, September 2012



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red berries
to brighten my mind -
winter walk

Gabi Greve, 2007
with photos



wedding anniversary -
does he still love me
like the red winter berries ?

Gabi Greve, December 12, 2006





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Related words

***** WASHOKU : YASAI . Vegetable SAIJIKI


. Plants and Berries in Autumn - SAIJIKI LIST 　

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Woman divers (ama)

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Woman divers (ama)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Late Spring
***** Category: Humanity

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Explanation

ama 海女 (あま) woman diver
lit. "woman of the sea" / ama 泉郎 "seafolk’
Taucherin



..... isodo 磯人（いそど, iso ama 磯海女（いそあま）
"woman of the sea shore"
iso nageki 磯嘆き（いそなげき）
"long deep breath on the sea shore"
when coming out of the water

oki ama, oki-ama 沖海女（おきあま）
"woman of the open sea"
kazuki かずき、moguri もぐり
kachido 陸人（かちど）、funado 船人（ふなど）

ama no fue 海女の笛（あまのふえ）
"flute of the ama diver"
when coming out of the water, they would breath out long making a sharp sound, like a flute


ama no koya 海女の小屋（あまのこや）
hut for the ama divers
They make a fire there and keep warm, drink hot tea and prepare some seafood.

. . . CLICK here for Photos 海女小屋!

isooke, iso-oke 磯桶（いそおけ）"bucket on the sea shore"
where they keep their prey and are fastened to the "inochizuna　命綱　" lifeline.


Now this is a name for seafood arranged in a large barrel, served in seaside hotels.
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

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quote
The majority of ama are women.
Japanese tradition holds that the practice of ama divers may be 2,000 years old. Traditionally, and even as recently as the 1960s, ama dived wearing only a loincloth. Even in modern times, ama dive without scuba gear or air tanks, making them a traditional sort of free-diver.
Depending on the region, ama may dive with masks, fins, and torso-covering wetsuits at the most. Only divers who work for tourist attractions use white, partially transparent suits.

Ama are famous for pearl diving, but originally they dove for food like seaweed, shellfish, lobsters, octopus, and sea urchins — and oysters which sometimes have pearls.

Ama divers can keep diving well into old age. The older divers are generally able to stay submerged longer than the younger. Usually they also have another job, typically working on a farm.

It's supposed that the majority of ama are women because of how their bodies differ from men. The fat on a female body is distributed differently to men, which ensures that they can stay warmer in colder water.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Ama are privileged to eat the freshest seafood, right after they come out of the sea and share their catch.

. WASHOKU :Tsuboyaki 壷焼 (つぼやき)
turban shell fried in the conch 　


tekonezushi てこねずし . 手こねずし
fish sushi mixed with the hands
Red fish like katsuo bonito and maguro tuna are sliced for sashimi and marinated in soy sauce. Then they are mixed with sushi rice. Perilla leaves, ginger or other seaweed can be mixed. It started with the fishermen of the SHIMA region on their boats, who did not have much time for preparing meals and mixed it with their hands. The ama divers also eat this.

. WASHOKU
Specialities from Mie prefecture

. WASHOKU
Food served on board (funaryoori) 　

. WASHOKU
Awabi 鮑 (あわび, 鰒) abalone 　

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The many ama divers along the shores of Japan are professional divers, who dive to support their daily life and sell what they take out of the sea.

They are not to be mixed up with diving for pleasure, as tourists enjoy.

moguri 潜り（もぐり） diving (for pleasure)
..... mizu kuguri 水潜り（みずくぐり）

kigo for all summer

. WKD : Summer on the Beach
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Worldwide use


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Things found on the way

Ishigami san　石神さん Stone Deity
at shrine Shinmei Jinja 神明神社, Toba, Mie



quote
There is a small Shrine called "Ishigami-san" at the Shimmei Jinja Shrine.
The enshrined goddess"Ishigami-san"is said to grant a wish of all female visitors who offer prayers. This legend has attracted many women and continues to do so to this day.
Ama huts are popular touring spots where meals are served while enjoying friendly conversation with the divers.
Ishigami-san Haru Matsuri Festival (Osatsu)/ May 7th.
This festival is to pray for bountiful fishing season and fulfillment of one's aspirations. On this day, men cook and treat women in appreciation for women divers who have supported the households with their hard work.
source : tobakanko.jp



御守り amulet from Shinmei Jinja

quote
Osatsu Ama Culture Museum
The fishing town of Ōsatsu has the highest population of ama (海女, "female diver") in the Toba-Shima region. The ama have been supporting their families as wives and mothers as well as economically by their hard, restless work. Even though they endure harsh working conditions and busy lives, the divers have always been happy with their lives by taking pride in being an ama and by spending heartfelt conversations with their companions in the diver huts (海女小屋, amagoya).
This museum provides you with an opportunity to get to know the history and life of Ōsatsu, nurtured by the kindness of the ama. Nearby is a Shinmei Shrine (神明神社, shinmei-jinja), also called Ishigami-san (石神さん, "Honorable Stone Goddess"), said to surely fulfill one wish to each of its female visitors.

source : tourismmiejapan.com

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AMA - Die Taucherinnen von Japan

In vielen Fischerdörfern fahren die Männer zur See und die Frauen suchen in den flacheren Küstengebieten nach Meeresfrüchten, insbesondere Seeigeln, Abalonen, Oktopus und Seetang. Auch beim Ausfindigmachen der Perlen-Austern sind sie unentbehrlich.

AMA, die „Menschen des Meeres“, nur ausgestattet mit einem weißen Lendenschurz, einem Messer und einem Holzeimer an der Lebensleine, der gleichzeitig den Fang aufnimmt und als Schwimmer dient, sind als Nackttaucher schon seit mehr als 2000 Jahren in den Wassern Asiens auf der Suche nach Lebensmitteln. Inzwischen verwenden sie auch modernere Ausrüstungen mit Taucherbrillen und Taucheranzügen um sich warmzuhalten. Die weiße Farbe ihrer Ausrüstung sollte die Haifische abwehren.
Nach dem Auftauchen blies die Taucherin die Luft mit einem langen lauten fiuuuuu aus, um die Atmung wieder zu regulieren. Dieser unverwechselbare Ton wird „Pfeife der Küstentaucherinnen“ genannt.
Die Gedichtsammlung Manyoshu 万葉集　aus dem 8. Jahrhundert berichtet schon von diesen Taucherinnen.

Das reichliche Körperfett des Frauenkörpers bietet mehr Schutz vor dem Auskühlen im kalten Wasser, so konnten Frauen längere Zeit hintereinander tauchen, bevor sie sich in einer Strandhütte wieder am Feuer wärmen müssen.
Beim Tauchen von einem Holzschiff aus steht im Boot ein Holzkohlenofen. Auf dem Boot wartet der Ehemann mit der Lebensleine, and der die Frau mit ihrem Holzeimer angebunden ist.

Viele Taucherinnen haben den Beruf von ihrer Mutter gelernt und üben ihn voller Stolz bis ins hohe Alter hin aus. Auf der Halbinsel Izu, wo sie oft nach Agar-Agar tauchen, werden sie „kaito“ genannt, auf Okinawa „uminchu“.

Gabi Greve

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HAIKU



命綱たるみて海女の自在境
inochizuna tarumite ama no jizai kyoo

the lifeline
slackens .. the freedom sphere
of an ama diver

Tsuda Kiyoko (Sayako) 津田清子

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火の如く赤子泣きゐる海女の小屋
hi no gotoku akago naki-iru ama no koya

like a fire
the baby cries ...
hut of the divers

Hiro Hasei 廣波青 (1931 - )

He comes from Mie prefecture, where the pearl divers are common. Mikimoto is in Mie.

Mikimoto Pearls from Japan

みきもと幸吉 Mikimoto Kokichi (1858 - 1954)
みきもと‐こうきち【御木本幸吉】
三重県鳥羽（とば）市

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虫甘方の桜は波に埋もれて花の上漕ぐ海士の釣り舟
Kisakata no sakura wa nami ni uzumorete
hana no ue kogu ama no tsuribune

At Kisakata
A cherry tree is covered
At times by the waves;
Fishermen must row their boats
Above the cherry blossoms.

西行法師 Saigyo, tr. Donald Keene

.................................................................................

mizu no awa no kiete ukise wo wataru mi ni
urayamashiki wa ama no tsuribune

"I who must journey
Across a world vanishing
Like foam on the waves,
What I long for most of all
Is a little fishing boat."

source : 'Masukagami' (Book XVI)

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Related words

***** Woman, Women (onna, saotome) and related KIGO

. 海人 (能) Ama - The Woman Diver .
Noh play from temple Shidoji in Shikoku

- - - - - not to mix with
. ama 尼　Buddhist Nun .

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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
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Twilight (kure)

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Twilight, dusk (kure)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: various, see below
***** Category: Season

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Explanation




between us,
the sea and dusk trace
Moses' crossing

- Shared by Massih Talebian -


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kure 暮れ (pronounced ...gure in compounds) just like this means the end of something, for example a day, a season or even the year.

In old Japanese haru no kure / aki no kure ... was used to mean the end of spring/autumn as the season ends (oogure おおぐれ【大暮れ】).
kogure (小暮)　"small ending" referred to the end of a double-hour according to the old calendar.



higure 日暮れ toward evening, evening twilight
yuugure 夕暮れ evening twilight

In the case of the end of a day, as we are concerned about here, it can be translated as
twilight, end of the day, dusk, dusk falls
nightfall, getting dark, toward evening
(we might find more words expressing this situation)

Even SUNSET has been used as a translation, but we have sunset (yuuhi) as a different topic for Japanese haiku, see below.
The same holds for "day getting longer", see below.



kuremutsu 暮れ六つ; 暮六つ six o'clock at night
in Edo

. akemutsu 明け六つ six in the morning .


Here I will only use the word "twilight" for KURE/GURE in further translations.


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kigo for all spring

They all have a feeling of joy, since days will be getting longer from now on.

chikitsu 遅日 ちじつ "day getting longer"
(this is the kidai, main entry for the following:)

osoki hi 遅き日（おそきひ）"day getting longer"
yuunagashi 夕長し（ゆうながし）long evening
shunjitsu chichi 春日遅々（しゅんじつちち）spring day getting longer


kure ososhi 暮遅し（くれおそし） long twilight,
twilight getting longer
"dusk is lingering"

kure kanuru 暮れかぬる（くれかぬる）long twilight, twilight getting longer

Here the stress is not so much on the day getting longer, but the feeling of a longer evening time. It is already used in the Manyo'shu Poem collection to state the joy of longer evenings.


haru no kure 春の暮 . 春暮 twilight in spring
spring evening
haru no yuugure 春の夕暮れ
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


haru hakubo 春薄暮（はるはくぼ）twilight in spring
evening in spring
Abenddämmerung im Frühling

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natsu no kure 夏の暮（なつのくれ）
twilight in summer
natsu no yuube 夏の夕 (なつのゆう) evening in summer
natsu yuube 夏夕べ（なつゆうべ） summer evening

kigo for all summer


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They all have a feeling of melancholy, since days will be getting shorter from now on.

. Autumn dusk, autumn twilight (aki no kure 秋の暮れ) Japan
autumn nightfall, autumn evening, autumn eve
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


"Autumn means sunset (dusk)" (aki wa yuugure)
This quotation stresses the importance of twilight for the autumn season.


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dusk comes early, kure hayashi　明早し
twilight comes early

fuyu no kure 冬の暮 (ふゆのくれ ) twilight in winter
kanbo 寒暮（かんぼ）"cold twilight"
fuyu no yuube 冬の夕(ふゆのゆうべ) winter evening
..... fuyu no yoi冬の宵（ふゆのよい）winter evening

kigo for all winter



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twilight TOPICS used in haiku

atarayo あたらよ【可惜夜】a night you do not want to end
atarashi あたらし【可惜し／惜し】(poetic form)

hakubo はくぼ【薄暮】twilight, dusk
only used in the evening for "light darkness".

sayo さよ【小夜】"small evening"
often used in combination, sometimes with kigo (sayo suzumi　小夜涼み)
sayo shigure .. sleet in the evening
sayo chidori

yahan, yohan やはん【夜半】midnight
yahan no aki 夜半の秋... midnight in autumn (kigo)

yoi よい【宵】evening
yoiyamu, getting dark in the evening
used with the proper season word as a combined kigo, see above.

yosari よさり【夜さり】time when it gets evening
sari means something is coming

yuugata ゆうがた　(夕方) evening
yuumagure ゆうまぐれ【夕間暮れ】
magure means 目(ま)暗(ぐれ)」, when it gets dark for the eyes to see things.
yuugure ゆうぐれ


oomagatoki おおまがとき【大禍時】
a time when something bad (ma 魔 the devil) might occur
... ou ma ga toki 逢(お)う魔が時
. Ōmagatoki 逢魔時 / 大禍時 "demon dusk" .
... tasogaredoki たそがれどき, 黄昏

In former times there were no street lights and it was difficult to see the faces of poeple when you walked. Still not yet the time for a lantern to find your way. So when people met, they would exchange a greeting: Taso kare wa? 誰そ、彼は (dare daroo, are wa?) . Taso kare ... became tasogare in the course of time, now loaded with the feeling of loneliness and melancholy.


tasogare たそがれどき

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The above impressions about TWILIGHT are seen from the poetic, emotional side of the Japanese haiku poets.
They show us the aspect that
kigo are conventions for writing Japanese poetry!


Now we get to the scientific part.

quote
The Duration of Twilight

Twilight is that period of dusk after sunset or dawn before sunrise during which the sky is partially lit by atmospheric scattering of sunlight.
The duration of twilight after sunset or before sunrise depends on atmospheric conditions (clouds, dust, air pressure, temperature, humidity) and on the parallactic angle (the angle between the path of the setting or rising sun and the local horizon), both of which vary with the seasons (specifically the solar declination) and the terrestrial latitude.

If the duration of twilight is expressed in terms of mean solar minutes (normal clock time), then seasonal variations are evident for all locales, with the shortest twilight durations a few days before the spring equinox and a few days after the fall equinox, and the longest twilight durations near the summer solstice, with a lesser maximum of durations near the winter solstice.

If the duration of twilight is expressed in terms of daytime temporal minutes (the time span from sunrise to sunset divided into 720 equal portions), then each stage is almost constant and minimal in duration throughout the spring and summer, except near the equator and high latitudes, the shortest twilight durations are 2-3 weeks after the spring equinox and 2-3 weeks before the fall equinox, and the longest twilight durations are near the winter solstice.

If the duration of twilight is expressed in terms of daytime temporal minutes (the time span from sunrise to sunset divided into 720 equal portions), then each stage is almost constant and minimal in duration throughout the spring and summer, except near the equator and high latitudes, the shortest twilight durations are 2-3 weeks after the spring equinox and 2-3 weeks before the fall equinox, and the longest twilight durations are near the winter solstice.

If the duration of twilight is expressed in terms of daytime or night time temporal minutes (whichever is longer), then each stage is almost constant in duration all year round, except near the equator and high latitudes.
The switchover date for "whichever is longer" occurs a few days before the spring equinox and a few days after the fall equinox, when the actual lengths of daytime and night time are truly equal.
Read the details here
　© individual.utoronto.ca/


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Worldwide use

long twilight, long dusk

kure ososhi (Le soleil tarde à se coucher)
kure kanuru (Le soleil tarde à se coucher)

Haiku poets in the world have placed this in spring, summer and autumn ...
so this makes for a great nature word,
but not a specific season word.
topic for worldwide haiku
You have to add the season to make it specific if it is not ment to be spring.


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KURE in German, auf Deutsch

Abend, Abendzeit, Abend werden
Abenddämmerung; dämmern
Eintritt der Dunkelheit; dunkel werden
Einbruch der Nacht


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Things found on the way


Remember

kure no haru 暮の春 くれのはる end of the spring season


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HAIKU

夕暮は鐘を力や寺の秋　
yuugure wa kane o chikara ya tera no aki

the evening dusk
enhances the power of the bell -
autumn in the temple
Tr. Gabi Greve

. Itoo Fuukoku 伊藤風國 Ito Fukoku .
(? - 1701)


the sound of the bell at dusk
gives me strength -
a temple in autumn

Kyorai's corrected version suggests that with the approach of evening, the noisy crowds have left the temple and the poet is left with a feeling of loneliness, which is diminished or obscured by the sound of the evening temple bells, which give him emotional strength.

Tr. Haruo Shirane


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酒倉を杜氏と歩く春の暮
sakagura o tooji to aruku haru　nokure

Die Abenddämmerung des Frühlings -
Im Reisweinkeller gehe ich
mit dem Touji.　（Reisweinbrenner,-brauer)

NAGATA Koui 永田耕衣(1900～1997)
übersetzt : SAITOH Kentarou)


I walk in the ricewine cellar
with the brew master -
spring twilight
Tr. Gabi Greve


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しらなみは珊瑚環礁暮れ遅し
shiranami wa sango kanhsoo kure ososhi

Weiße Wellen liegen
auf dem Koralenriff.
Der Tag vergeht langsam.

FUBASAMI Fusae 文挟夫佐恵(1914～)
übersetzt : TAGUCHI Makiko)


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lilac dusk

lilac dusk-
she gathers her hair
into a long plait

- Shared by Arvinder Kaur -
Joys of Japan, 2012



lilac scented dusk ~
cool wet grass between my toes ~
sweet spring rain

- Margaret's haiku -





Lilac dusk.
Through the park’s woods
the moon drains milk.

HAIK KLUBI SHQIPTAR
- terejalibraartikujesse -


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summer dusk
beneath the wheat ears
Eve's eye

- Shared by Massih Talebian -
Joys of Japan, 2012


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Related words

***** Long days (hinaga), long nights (nagaki yo)


***** Sunset (yuuhi) Japan


***** . Seasons coming to an end .
end of spring, spring's end, spring comes to a close
kure no haru 暮の春 (くれのはる)
kure no natsu 暮の夏（くれのなつ）end of summer


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ides of march

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The Ides of March

***** Location: Italy, ancient Rome
***** Season: Spring
***** Category: Heavens

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Explanation

The Ides of March (Latin: Idus Martias)
is the name of the date 15 March in the Roman calendar. The term ides was used for the 15th day of the months of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th day of the other eight months.
In Roman times, the Ides of March was a festive day dedicated to the god Mars and a military parade was usually held. In modern times, the term Ides of March is best known as the date that Julius Caesar was assassinated, in 44 BC, the story of which was famously dramatized in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar.


Vincenzo Camuccini, Mort de César, 1798


The term idūs (ides) is thought to have originally been the day of the full moon. The Romans considered this an auspicious day in their calendar. The word ides comes from Latin, meaning "half division" (of a month).
Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 BC, after declaring himself dictator of Rome for life.

©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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The Ides of March

The soothsayer's warning to Julius Caesar,
"Beware the Ides of March,"
has forever imbued that date with a sense of foreboding. But in Roman times the expression "Ides of March" did not necessarily evoke a dark mood—it was simply the standard way of saying "March 15." Surely such a fanciful expression must signify something more than merely another day of the year? Not so. Even in Shakespeare's time, sixteen centuries later, audiences attending his play Julius Caesar wouldn't have blinked twice upon hearing the date called the Ides.

The term Ides comes from the earliest Roman calendar, which is said to have been devised by Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome. Whether it was Romulus or not, the inventor of this calendar had a penchant for complexity. The Roman calendar organized its months around three days, each of which served as a reference point for counting the other days:

Kalends (1st day of the month)
Nones (the 7th day in March, May, July, and October; the 5th in the other months)
Ides (the 15th day in March, May, July, and October; the 13th in the other months)

The remaining, unnamed days of the month were identified by counting backwards from the Kalends, Nones, or the Ides.
For example, March 3 would be V Nones—5 days before the Nones (the Roman method of counting days was inclusive; in other words, the Nones would be counted as one of the 5 days).
source : www.infoplease.com


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Calendar Systems of the World


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Worldwide use


Die Iden des März
Die Iden des März (von lateinisch Idus Martiae) sind eine in vielen Sprachen gebräuchliche Metapher für bevorstehendes Unheil, die auf die Ermordung Gaius Iulius Caesars am 15. März des Jahres 44 vor Christus Bezug nimmt.

Nach Plutarch warnte der Augur Titus Vestricius Spurinna Caesar am Tage vor dem Anschlag mit den Worten: „Cave Idus Martias“
(deutsch: „Hüte dich vor den Iden des März“).

©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Things found on the way


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HAIKU

Ides of March ...
anyone remember
the history teacher?

Gabi Greve
Japan, March 15, 2009

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Ides of March---
a math teacher defines
the median of a sample

- Shared by Fred Masarani
Joys of Japan, March 2012


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Ides of March
a squirrel trapezes along
the high tension wire

Angelee Deodhar
India, March 2013



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Related words

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Tide (shio)

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Tide (shio, ushio, choo)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: various, see below
***** Category: Earth

*****************************
Explanation

tide shio しお (潮／汐)
..... ushio, choo うしお (潮)

quote
Tides are the rising of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams, making prediction of tides important for coastal navigation.

Tides may be semidiurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). In most locations, tides are semidiurnal. daily inequality changes with time and is generally small when the Moon is over the equator.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Moon tides, lunar tides
The word "tides" is a generic term used to define the alternating rise and fall in sea level with respect to the land, produced by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. To a much smaller extent, tides also occur in large lakes, the atmosphere, and within the solid crust of the earth, acted upon by these same gravitational forces of the moon and sun.
When the sun and moon are aligned, there are exceptionally strong gravitational forces, causing very high and very low tides which are called
spring tides,
though they have nothing to do with the season.
When the sun and moon are not aligned, the gravitational forces cancel each other out, and the tides are not as dramatically high and low. These are called neap tides.
source : home.hiwaay.net

ooshio 大潮 spring tide, flood tide. Springflut
koshio 小潮 neap tide. Nippflut


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more Chinese characters for SHIO

潮(うしお ushio)　満ち干 (michi hi)　満ち引き (michi hiki)　潮流 (chuuryuu)　潮汐(ちょうせき chooseki)　海潮 (kaichoo)　干満 (kanman) 　満干　(mankan)
満ち潮 (michishio)　上げ潮 (ageshio, tide coming up)　
朝潮　満潮(まんちょう manchoo)　high tide

ひきしお(引（き）潮・引き汐) hikishio, falling tide, ebb tide
引き潮 (hikishio)　下げ潮 (sageshio, tide retreating)　夕潮　干潮(かんちょう kanchoo)　


. Tide KIGO - category humanity
isobiraki, isoasobi and more playing and enjoying the beach


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kigo for mid-spring

kanchoo 観潮 かんちょう watching the whirling current
kanchoosen 観潮船（かんちょうせん）boat for watching the swirls
uzushio 渦潮（うずしお）, swirls, whirling current
especially at Naruto 鳴門 off Shikoku



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kigo for late spring

shiohi 汐干 潮汐（しおひ） ebb
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
shiohigata 汐干潟 / 潮干潟（しおひがた）tideland, tidal flat
shiohi iwa 汐干岩（しおひいわ）rocks in the tideland

shiohibune 汐干船（しおひぶね）boat for the tideland
shiohigai 汐干貝（しおひがい）shells in the tideland
shiohi kago 汐干籠（しおひかご）basket
. . . (for collecting shells) in the tideland


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kigo for all spring

shiofuki 潮吹 (しおふき) "sprouting tide" (shell)
..... shiofukigai 潮吹貝（しおふきがい）
Mactra veneriformis
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


shiomaneki 望潮 (しおまねき, シオマネキ )
"inviting the tide", fiddler crab , crab of spring
Uca arcuata
ushiomaneki 潮招（うしおまねき）
tauchigani田打蟹（たうちがに）
. . . CLICK here for Photos !
Winkerkrabbe


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kigo for all summer


. summer tide, natsu no shio 夏の湖


shio asobi 潮浴び（しおあび） enjoying the tide


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kigo for all autumn

aki no shio 秋の潮 (あきのしお) tide in autumn
..... akishio 秋 秋潮（あきしお）


kigo for mid-autumn

hatsushio, hatsu shio 初潮 (はつしお)
first (autumn) tide
hazukijio 葉月潮（はづきじお）tide of the eighth lunar month
..... mochi no shio 望の潮（もちのしお）
The tide at the full moon of autumn.


kigo for mid-autumn
takashio 高潮 (たかしお) high (storm) tide
flood tide, storm surge
kazetsunami, kaze tsunami 風津波（かぜつなみ）
"tsunami made by the wind"
(kigosaijiki lists it for mid-autumn 仲秋
source : kigosai.sub.jp


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kigo for all winter

kanchoo 寒潮 かんちょう "tide in the cold"
fuyu no shio 冬の潮（ふゆのしお）tide in winter
fuyujio 冬潮（ふゆじお）winter tide
.... fuyujio冬汐（ふゆじお） winter tide


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Worldwide use

Gezeiten.
Ebbe und Flut
shiohi .. Ebbe


*****************************
Things found on the way

... Spring at the beach (haru no umi)
and related kigo

tide in spring, haru no shio 春の潮
..... shunchoo 春潮 しゅんちょう

.......................................................................

gathering shellfish at low tide, shiohigari
しおひがり,潮干狩り/潮干狩


source : museum.city.osaka.jp

葛飾北斎 Katsushika Hokusai 潮干狩図 Shiohigari
In the Edo period, the Ooshio 大潮 tide was on the third day of the third lunar month, when Shiohigari begun.
Here is a painting with Mount Fujisan in the background. People would go out as far as possible on a boat and then work their way back to the beach. The best catch was
アサリ Asari and ハマグリ Hamaguri.
They would also take home small fish from the tide pools.


- quote -
Thirty-six enjoyments of Edo: Suzaki Shiohigari
Shiohigari(Shellfish gathering at low tide) which was one of the beach activities for the people in Edo, could be seen as an annual event in March on the beaches such as Shinagawa, Shibaura, Fukagawa Suzaki.



Among all 洲崎　Suzaki was especially crowded with many people as a famous spot for shellfish gathering.
- source : library.metro.tokyo.jp/Portals -




. . . CLICK here for more Photos !

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Ushiojiru うしおじる(潮汁) sea shell soup, clear fish soup
WASHOKU SAIJIKI


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HAIKU

- - - Kobayashi Issa - - -

汐干潟雨しとしとと暮かかる
shiohi-gata ame shito-shito to kure kakaru

low tide
in a soft, soft rain...
darkness coming

The season word ("tideland at low tide": shiohi-gata) suggests that there are people in the scene, hunched over, searching for shellfish. The day is growing dark, and rain is falling. Issa evokes a slice of life, with a world of feeling and implications, with a few deft strokes of his writing brush.



汐干潟しかも霞むは女也
shiohi-gata shikamo kasumu wa onna nari

low tide--
the mist wrecks my view
of the women

Or: "the woman." The women (or woman) are gathering shellfish at low tide. As Shinji Ogawa explains, shikamo in this context means, "why on earth" or "oh well." Issa doesn't like the spring mist that obscures his view, interfering with his girl-watching.

More haiku about the wetlands at low tide by Issa
Tr. David Lanoue


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Related words

***** Beach and Shore

***** . Seafood and Fish - SAIJIKI


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- #shiogari #shiotide -
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Scorpion (sasori)

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Scorpion (sasori)

***** Location: Japan
***** Season: All Sommer
***** Category: Animal

*****************************
Explanation

sasori 蠍 (さそり) scorpion
..... katsu 蝎（かつ）

It is not usually found in Japan, only on some of the most southern islands.

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topic for haiku

sasoriza さそり座 / さそりざ Scorpio, the zodiac formation
..... tenkatsu kyuu 天蝎(てんかつ)宮

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Scorpions
are any arachnid of the order Scorpionida. They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. There are about 2,000 species of scorpions, found widely distributed south of about 49°N, except New Zealand and Antarctica. The northernmost part of the world where scorpions live in the wild is Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey in the UK, where a small colony of Euscorpius flavicaudis has been resident since the 1860s.
The word scorpion derives from Greek - skorpios.
All scorpion species possess poison or venom. Scorpions use their venom to kill or paralyze their prey so that it can be eaten; in general it is fast-acting, allowing for effective prey capture. Of the ~1500 scorpion species, the vast majority are only capable of producing a local reaction similar in scope and effect to a bee sting. Only around 50 species are known to produce venom that causes serious systemic effects in humans. Of these 50 species, only a few (mostly in the family Buthidae) produce enough venom to pose a lethal risk to humans.

Scorpions have been found in many fossil records, including marine Silurian deposits, coal deposits from the Carboniferous Period and in amber. They are thought to have existed in some form since about 430 million years ago.

Cultural symbolism

The scorpion is one of the symbols of the Astrological sign of Scorpio.

In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh approaches mountains where scorpion-folk guard the entrance. Additionally, the Akkadians called the constellation Scorpius, Girtab, meaning "the Seizer", or "Stinger" and "Place Where One Bows Down".
In ancient Egypt, the scorpion was associated with the god Set- the god of the desert, storms, and chaos.
The Falaknuma Palace of Hyderabad, India, is laid out in the shape of a scorpion with the two pincers spreading out to the north as wings to the building.
In Greek mythology, the scorpion is conjured by the gods to hound and punish Orion. It is also said that when Perseus slew Medusa, the blood that leaked out of her severed neck turned into scorpions and snakes as it hit the ground.
The Persian legendary monster manticore is often depicted with a scorpion tail.
The scorpion is the symbol of the Mexican state of Durango.
The scorpion is the symbol of the Italian auto tuning company Abarth.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Worldwide use

Germany

Skorpion

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Kenya

topic for haiku

Here in Kenya, the scorpions are mostly found in the hot, hilly and rocky semi-arid regions of North Eastern, Eastern and Northern Kenya. These regions are hot and have rocky hills.

My first encounter with a scorpion was in 2001 in Eastern. The scorpions prefer coming out at night to feed. During the day, they hide away under rock crevices and cracks. They have a viciously curled tail that has a sharp sting at the end; their bodies are divided into three segments: head, thorax and abdomen with eight legs.
Their sting is poisonous to humans and animals.

orange sunset...
a scorpion scampers
across the floor

Patrick Wafula, 2009




scorpion sting-
he ties the wound
with a cloth

Caxton Okoth
January 2012


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Things found on the way


"scorpion snack", kakko かっこ　餲餬, □餬
Snacks kneaded with wheat flower, in the shape of a scorpion (蝎 すくもむし sukumomushi). They were either fried or steamed. Also called kappei かっぺい. pei ぺいwas another word for mochi 餅.

WASHOKU
Food of the New Year Season


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Scorpion grass



The Forget-me-nots are the genus Myosotis of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae.
Myosotis scorpioides is also known as scorpion grass.

WKD : forget-me-nots, wasurenagusa



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HAIKU

さそり座に赤き星あり瀧ひびく
sasoriza ni akaki hoshi ari taki hibiku

in the Scorpio
there is a red star -
roaring waterfall

Fujimura Mari 藤村真理
http://www.nhk.or.jp/haiku/html/haiku17-7-30.htm


Scorpio, in the sky, is a topic.


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a woman's song --
over her garden stands
the Scorpio

~ Samuel Ndungu (Bamboocha) Kenya, 2007


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Related words

***** Centipede, Millipede (mukade) Japan

***** Spiders ... (kumo, Japan) Spider web, Cob web. Spinne


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SAIJIKI KIYOSE WELCOME

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New Year’s eve …
the sounds of the world
celebrating kigo

Don Baird, 2011


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This is an attempt at classifying all items of the World Kigo Database in a Saijiki and Kiyose. It contains mostly LINKS to other pages with all the details.
All LINKS are leading to the
WKD, World Kigo Database.


The items are classified by
the five seasons of Japanese Haiku

Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter
and the New Year.


and the seven categories for each season

jikoo　時候　Season, climate, time　
tenmon 天文　Heaven, natural phenomena, astronomy
chiri 地理　Earth, geography
seikatsu 生活　Humanity, daily life, livelihood
gyooji 行事　Observances, seasonal events
doobutsu 動物　Animals, Zoology
shokubutsu 植物　Plants, Biology

source : WKD : Seasons and Categories in Japanese Haiku




!!!!! WKD : List of Haiku TOPICS and KEYWORDS !!!!!


Please use your BROWSER to find a word.


I hope you find this list useful.
It will take quite a while to complete!


Your comments for improvement are most welcome!

Gabi Greve
March 2009

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. . . SPRING
the complete SAIJIKI


. . . . SUMMER
the complete SAIJIKI


. . . . AUTUMN
the complete SAIJIKI


. . . . WINTER
the complete SAIJIKI


. . NEW YEAR
the complete SAIJIKI 　 　


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World Kigo Database
. . . . . SAIJIKI and KIYOSE . . . . . 　


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